Little Girls And Little Women - 1200 Words

Every little girl has seen at least one of the Disney Princesses movies and have played pretend as if they were a princess. They dressed in the costumes and parade around the house as if they were waiting on their Prince Charming, but are Disney Princesses bad for little girls? Are they forcing little girls to grow up faster and more provocative? Stephanie Hanes, a freelance journalist, wrote â€Å"Little Girls or Little Women? The Disney Princess Effect† published October 3, 2011 in the Christian Science Monitor. In the article, Hanes argues that little girls tend to grow up faster because they watched Disney Princesses. The author of â€Å"Little Girls or Little Women? The Disney Princess Effect† has an effective argument when using ethos, logos, pathos, and writing choice when explaining the effect that Disney Princesses have on little girls. In the article, Hanes explains that little girls watching Disney Princesses tends to grow up faster and sexually. She examines how the Princesses and other characters’ dress wearing revealing and provocative clothing. She continues to say that girls tend to not want to play sports because they believe sports are unfeminine and unsexy. She also explains how girls are influenced to post sexy pictures and videos on social media because people leave positive comments on the post and it makes girls think that is the thing to do. She goes on to say that it is not just the children’s fault, but the parents because technology requires monitoring andShow MoreRelatedEssay about Little Girls or Little Women675 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿Keyiona Cobb Freshman Comp 200-320 February 16, 2015 Disney Princesses â€Å"Little Girls or Little Women? The Disney Princess Effect† is an article by Stephanie Hanes which touches on the princess phenomenon many young girls are obsessed with. Stephanie Hanes concludes that the Disney Princess craze is linked to self-objectification and the growing sexualization of young girls. Although she provided numerous facts the argument was unsuccessful because it was weak and confusing. Her own personalRead MoreLittle Girls With Dreams Become Women Of Vision Essay1661 Words   |  7 PagesLittle Girls With Dreams Become Women of Vision The past few weeks I have had this reoccurring theme that consists of fear, guilt, shame, failure, and being vunerable. I have now realized that I have allowed fear to become the driving force within every facet of my life. I have A LOT of guilt, shame, and fear built inside of my soul, mind, body and spirit. I am angry with myself for allotting others the capability to have the final say and to decide if I am worthy or unworthy. When I was 17-years-oldRead MoreLittle Red Riding Hood : A Fairy Tale1688 Words   |  7 PagesLittle Red Riding Hood According to oxford dictionary a fairy tale is an all aged story about magical and imaginary things. (Fairy tale). A fairy tale to me is also like reality, because it s a story with a lesson behind it, that people learn from, the moral. To me a fairy tale is just a short made up story with a strong meaning behind it. The moral of a fairy tale is a lesson that s being described, to be learned! â€Å"Little Red Riding Hood†, is the fairy tale that I think has a very seriousRead MoreAnalysis Of Louisa May Alcotts Little Women1720 Words   |  7 Pagesis ‘Little Women’. In this novel, she calls for women’s rights, equality with men, and defends against rules and regulations set by family and society. Louisa May Alcott’s Little women was one of the first novels that was written especially for girls. The novel focuses on girls growing up in domestic surroundings. Readers find it very relatable since it specifically talks about traditional female plots and how females struggle in human failings, dilemmas and desires to achieve. â€Å"Little Women isRead MoreSexualization of Little Girls in the Media Essay639 Words   |  3 PagesDoes the Media Sexualize Little Girls? Many different articles and essays use statistics to back up their claims but you is to say if they are accurate or not? In â€Å"Little Girls or Little Women? The Disney Princess Effect† by Stephanie Hanes and â€Å"Toddlers in Tiaras† by Skip Hollandsworth they use many different statistics to back up their claims that the media is sexualizing little girls and that it is a problem for themselves and society. Even though they shock you with their disturbing statisticsRead MoreLittle Red Cap by The Grimm Brothers: Gender in Folk Tales Essay845 Words   |  4 Pagesarises in the story. As the stories were altered little by little as it was passed on from one generation to another, so did the way society treated the respective gender roles at their time-frames. This is very evident in the many different versions of the Little Red Riding Hood tales as the story progresses. After close examination of the folk tales, a lot of connections can be made between the characters and the ideas about gender. In the story Little red cap by the Grimm Brothers, the chain ofRead MoreGender in Little Red Riding Hood of Charles Perrault Essay887 Words   |  4 Pagescontribute with the reality of the culture in which they develop while these provide ideas about the behavior and roles of a specific sex building a culture of womanhood, manhood and childhood. This is what the stories of Little Red Riding Hood of Charles Perrault (1697) and Little Red-Cap of the Grimm Brothers (1812) show. This essay will describe some ideas about gender in different ways. First, the use of symbolic characters allows getting general ideas about the environment in the society ratherRead MoreLittle Women By Louisa May Alcott1680 Words   |  7 PagesLittle Women, a novel written in 1868 also known as the 19th century. Louisa May Alcott, the author of the Little women captures values of social class and characteristics of the 19th century that are then reflected in the characters in her book. The characters in the book are written about the actual people in Louisa’s family. Little Women has themes such as coming of age, developing self-knowledge, overcoming personal faults, and female independence. The way Louisa wrote Little Women makes allRead MoreEssay on Little Women by Louisa May Alcott674 Words   |  3 Pagesfor her novel Little Women. She was educated by Ralph Waldo Emerson, Margret Fuller, and Nathaniel Hawthorne, who were family friends, and also educated by her father. Her novel is always in the top ten of the most-read books next to the Bible. Little Women takes place during the 1860s in Concord, Massachusetts. The story begins with four young girls trying to understand the importance of not being selfish, and it follows the lives they live and how they transform into â€Å"little women.† Since thereRead MoreFairy Hood Culture1529 Words   |  7 PagesFairy tales, in general, have evolved through history, like â€Å"Little Red Riding Hood.† The fairy tale â€Å"Little Red Riding Hood† has so many versions that have been told from books and movies and each contain messages. Throughout history â€Å"Little Red Riding Hood† has conveys the same primary message that danger is around. When telling a child about â€Å"Little Red Riding Hood† they understand one message that they should not talk to strangers, but children do not understand other messages that are analyzed

Hiv Prevention And Sexually Active Youth - 2126 Words

HIV Prevention in Sexually Active Youth HIV, which stands for Human Immunodeficiency virus, is a disease that attacks and destroys the body’s T-Cells while using them to make copies of itself (What is HIV/AIDS). Normally, T-cells send signals to the immune system, alerting it to the presence of bacteria or viruses (CD4 Count). Unfortunately, unlike other viruses that the immune system protects us against, the immune system is unable to defeat the HIV Over the infected person’s lifespan, they may go through the three stages of HIV, but with treatment it is possible that the person may not encounter all of the stages (Stages). The first stage of the disease is called acute infection and will occur between two to four weeks†¦show more content†¦Without treatment, however, a person will only remain in the second stage for approximately ten years before moving onto the third and final stage, AIDs (Stages). At this point in the progression of HIV, the immune system is no longer capable of defending the body against infections and some cancers (Stages). This stage is characterized by a number of T-Cells below 200 cells per cubic millimeter of blood, or the contraction of one or multiple opportunistic HIV can be contracted by several means, the most common being sexual contact and intravenous drug use (How Do You Get HIV or AIDS). Additionally, HIV can be spread through occupational exposure, blood transfusions or organ transplants, pregnancy, childbirth, and breast feeding (How Do You Get HIV or AIDS). People at increased risk from lifestyle choices for contracting this disease are those that have a pre-existing STI, or engage in unprotected sex, especially anal sex, and have numerous partners (Mayo Clinic Staff). Intravenous drug users have an increased risk if they are sharing needles or syringes (Mayo Clinic Staff). Ethnicity also has an impact on risk, with African Americans being most at risk (Who Is at Risk). Other groups at an increased risk are American Indians or Alaskan Natives, Asians, Hispanics, Native Hawaiians, and other pacific islanders (Who Is at Risk).0 HIV is a serious problem both in the United States as well as worldwide. The American Foundation for Aids

Hong Kong Waste Problem Free Essays

Hong Kong has an imminent waste problem. Here you can learn about what municipal solid waste is, how significant our waste problem is, and how the Government tackles the problem. The Waste Problem Hong Kong generates several types of solid waste. We will write a custom essay sample on Hong Kong Waste Problem or any similar topic only for you Order Now It includes municipal solid waste (MSW), which comes from domestic, commercial and industrial sources; construction waste, which arises from construction, renovation and demolition activities; and other special wastes such as chemical waste and livestock waste. †¢ More on waste in Hong Konghttp://www. epd. gov. k/epd/english/environmentinhk/waste/waste_maincontent. html Municipal Solid Waste Municipal solid waste includes waste from domestic premises and public facilities, commerce and some types of industry, but excludes construction waste and chemical waste. Each year, more than 6 million tonnes of MSW are generated, over half of which is disposed of in the three strategic landfills. Unfortunately, the generation of MSW has been growing at a much faster rate than expected, and our consumption-led lifestyle is putting enormous pressure on these landfills. The three existing landfills will be full, one by one, in the mid to late 2010s. If the waste loads continue to increase, there will be a need to allocate an additional 400 hectares of land to develop new landfill sites to meet our waste disposal needs up to 2030. Clearly, Hong Kong needs a more sustainable way to deal with waste. To address our waste problem, the Government published â€Å"A Policy Framework for the Management of MSW (2005-2014)† (Policy Framework) in December 2005. The Policy Framework sets out a comprehensive strategy for the management of MSW in the next 10 years. It consists of a series of policy tools and measures to tackle the waste problem head on. †¢ More on municipal solid wastehttp://www. gov. hk/en/residents/environment/msw. htm †¢ Information on the Policy Framework for the Management of Municipal Solid Waste (2005-2014)http://www. epd. gov. hk/epd/msw/htm_en/content. htm Construction Waste The high levels of construction activity in Hong Kong generate equally high levels of inert or recyclable waste and non-inert or organic waste. Both hese forms of waste pose challenges to the maintenance of our landfill programme, and need to be managed carefully. Under the polluter-pays principle, the Environmental Protection Department operates the Construction Waste Disposal Charging Scheme, whereby construction waste producers pay appropriate charges for the disposal of their waste. The Government is also encouraging the industry to sort and recycle waste as far as possible, and to plan and build more efficiently to minimise waste. Mo re on construction wastehttp://www. gov. hk/en/residents/environment/constructionwaste. htm Waste Reduction and Recycling You can participate in a number of waste reduction programmes. The Wastewi$e Label under the Hong Kong Awards for Environmental Excellence, for example, helps Hong Kong businesses and organisations in adopting measures to reduce the amount of waste generated within their establishments or through the products and services they provide. It provides members with free advice on waste management techniques and rewards their efforts through public recognition. You can also help the recycling of domestic waste by participating in the Programme on Source Separation of Domestic Waste and separating waste using the waste separation bins on housing estates and deposit rechargeable batteries in designated collection boxes. †¢ More on waste reduction and recyclinghttp://www. gov. hk/en/residents/environment/wasteredrecyc. htm How to cite Hong Kong Waste Problem, Papers

Styrofoam and Clam Shells as Tiles free essay sample

A. Background of the Study Our country is presently facing from economic crisis. Financial problem is one of the biggest problems of each Filipino family. People tend to budget their money wisely, it is because all the needed things which are sold in the market are all expensive which includes foods, clothing materials and etc. Waste materials like plastics and Styrofoam’s are scattered anywhere. People tend to throw or disposed these wastes to rivers, lakes and seas, which the results caused water pollution and diseases. Clam shells are very abundant in our locality, which are highly valued as delicacy. Clam shells contain calcium carbonate, which indicates that it can be use as a source of calcium oxide (CaO). Only the meat of the clam will be eaten and the shells are thrown away. So the researchers’ wants to determine if dissolved Styrofoam and powdered Clam shells can be a good component in making tiles. B. Statement of the Problem This study aims to produce tile from the mixture of dissolved Styrofoam and powdered clam shells, specifically it aim to determine; a. If dissolved Styrofoam and powdered clam shells is a good component in making tiles. b. Which of the following ratios, 2:1, 3:1, and 4:1, powdered clam shells is to dissolve Styrofoam is a good tile using the durability test and water absorption test. c. If the dissolved Styrofoam and powdered clam shells tile is comparable to commercial tile. C. Statement of the Hypothesis a. If the dissolved Styrofoam and powdered clam shells is a good component in making tiles then we will try to contact the South Milandia, Inc. (Ceramic and Granite Tiles, Zamboanga City) to recommend our study to them. b. If we will going to conduct the following ratios we will having a three trial test in durability test and water absorption test so that we can identify the durability of each given ratio and to determined the difference of soaked tile (grams) with the initial weight of the tiles. c. If the dissolved Styrofoam and powdered clam shells tile is more comparable to commercial tiles then you can save money and it can help to reduce the amount of Styrofoam’s and in our community. D. Significance of the Study This research study aims to produce tile out of dissolved Styrofoam and powdered Clam shells. This research study is important in a way that it can help to minimize the amount of waste materials particularly the non biodegradable ones, which are disposed anywhere. Therefore, this can help to prevent pollution and avoid diseases. This study also helps to prevent the destruction of our environment like rivers, lakes and seas. Finally, this research study also produce useful and affordable tile that each individual can enjoy and have a comfortable houses to live in. E. Scope and Limitation The boundary of this research study is to extent the use of dissolved Styrofoam and powdered Clam Shells as tiles. This study limits only on the ratios of 2:1, 3:1 and 4:1, powdered Clam Shells and dissolved Styrofoam respectively. This study also limits on the two tests, the durability and water absorption. Three trials were conducted per test per treatment. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE Tiles are similar to bricks; they differ in uses, shapes and in finishing. A brick is in the form of a block while a tile is in the form of a sheet. Both are made from the same process and materials but the tile may go through glazing can give it a smooth finish. Tiles are used for walls and flooring. Clay was used as a material in making tiles. A reserved of 41. 5 mil. Tons of clay located in Giengday ensures the production of 100 mil. Bricks and tiles for a period of more than 100 years. Giengday clay high contents of Fe2O3 and Fe3O4 as compared to those found in other places that bricks and tiles made of this material are dark red and well-shaped, smooth and of high quality. Gienday clay is really qualified enough to produced ceramic and chinaware, decorative bricks used in extra standard building. (Shriff, 1982) A clam shell burrows shallowly in sediments of either mud or sand. It is among the most commercially important species of invertebrate. Clams have a large, heavy shell that ranges from being a pale brownish color to shades of gray and white. The exterior of the shell, except nearest the umbo is covered with a series of growth rings. The interior of the shell is colored a deep purple around the posterior edge and hinge. METHODOLOGY A. Research Locale This study will be conducted at Tumulak’s Residence at Villa Luz Drive, Tugong Road, Sta. Maria, Zamboanga City. B. Research Design This research is a qualitative type of research for it will compare the commercial tiles and tiles out of Styrofoam and Clam Shells. C. General Procedure Preparation of Materials Shells will be obtained from the fishponds in Zambowood, Zamboanga City. The shells will be wash and then sun-dried. The shells will be pulverized and stained to separate to bigger particles. Styrofoams will be obtained from neighbourhood and from restaurants were it was used as food packaging. The collective Styrofoam will be wash and leave for drying. Three hundred grams of Styrofoam will be dissolved to 1L. of premium gas. Preparation of Mixtures The powdered oyster shells and dissolved Styrofoam will be mixed evenly to the following ratios, 2:1, 3:1 and 4:1. Molding and Drying The prepared mixtures will be poured into the corresponding molders made up of aluminum having 4† X 4† dimensions. The molders will be kept in a cabinet and leave for air drying. The average curing period of the tile is about two to three weeks. Glazing The dried mixture will be glazed by applying lacquer on the tiles. The applied lacquer will leave for drying then second coating will be done and leave again for further drying. Continuous application of the lacquer will be done until the desired glossiness will be achieved. Testing the Tiles A. DURABILITY TEST The durability test will be done by placing the tile on the floor and a load will be drop on the tile with the respective weights of 1. 5 kg, and 2 kg to a height of 1 meter. Three trials will be conducted per treatment per test/load. Commercial tiles will also test using the procedure to compare its durability value. B. WATER ABSORPTION TEST The tiles will be soaked in a basin with water and left for observation for about one (1) day. There will be three trials will be conducted per ratio. Commercial tiles will also test to compare its water resistance value. Initial weights of the tiles will be measured (grams). Water absorption value will be determined by getting the difference of the soaked tile (grams) with the initial weight of the tiles.

Review of the methods to enhance efficiencies of solar pvcs Essay Example

Review of the methods to enhance efficiencies of solar pvcs Essay These are the questions that one individual should ask himself if he/she does an research on these organic solar cells. The reason behind their entry is the scarcity of existing crystalline solar cell manufacturing base material, day by day hiking cost. As we all know that the polymers and simple molecules are abundant on earths surface and are cheaper in cost, and having desirable physical properties like light weight, flexibility etc. These are initial parameters those pushed the researchers to step in and take the motive of introducing organic solar cells into semiconductor device industry. Initially silicon based solar cells were in many, but because of cost factor and their respective material properties they were moderately replaced by organic photo voltaic cells. As they are cheap, lightweight and are easy to fabricate they are in lead to crystalline organic photo voltaic cells. Devices made of these are supposed to have a theoretical efficiency of 10%. But, today, the efficiency we have for a small molecule organic photo voltaic cell is in the range of (0. 3-1. 3)%. Hence, efforts for higher efficiencies are under research for many years, and these researchers have even a point to notice that the designing and synthesis of donor acceptor materials is vital for an efficient organic photo voltaic cell. Challenges so far we have are because of their low efficiency, low strength, low stability, and sensitiveness to environment. Factors like band gap, charge carrier density, absorption coefficient for incident solar spectrum in visible and near IR range are important to improve the efficiencies. We will write a custom essay sample on Review of the methods to enhance efficiencies of solar pvcs specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Review of the methods to enhance efficiencies of solar pvcs specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Review of the methods to enhance efficiencies of solar pvcs specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In this report we mainly focus on the organic solar cells based on small molecules. Having said that, we should know, why small molecules? The reason behind that is these small molecules has mostly hydrocarbons with carbon atoms alternatively linked to neighbor carbon atoms with alternate single-double bonding resulting into conjugated systems. In these systems the electrons in the p-z orbitals idealizes to form a idealized bond with orbital and anti-bonding with orbital. Where the orbital is considered as highest occupying molecular orbital (HOMO) and is least occupying molecular orbital(LOOM). Hence the gap between these two is considered to be the band-gap. Hence in small molecules the band-gap angels from 1-4 eve, which is moderately favorable for making a photo voltaic cell. When these systems absorb a photon, exited state is created in which e?ho pair is formed and is found to be bounded by electrostatic interaction. Hence, these conjugated systems are very vital to be maintained inside each small molecule. Slightly introducing the type of materials required. We first of all concerned about the properties like band-gap, high temperature resistant, thickness, charge carrier density, ease of fabrication, and stability. For a material, to be a desired one, it should have moderate band-gap I. . In the semiconductor range with high charge carrier density, high strength and resistance at high temperatures, long life of functioning, moderate if possible low thickness, high absorption cross-section to incident solar spectrum and ease to process and fabricate. As a part of our discussion in this term paper we will see what type of materials are necessary and how they function under applied light and generated electric field. For a small molecule based organic photo voltaic cell we generally choose indium oxide as electrode-I and metals with low work functions electrode-2. Generally we use Aluminum, Magnesium or Calcium. The difference between work functions between two electrodes develops electric field in organic layer. When light is incident on these elements sextons are produced as electrons are exited to LOOM leaving behind holes in HOMO. Potential difference due to difference in work functions separates the electron-hole pair inside the organic layer and pulls them as electrons to positive electrode and holes to the negative electrode. Here, the positive electrode is an electrical conductor used to make contact with a non-metallic part of circuit. Most importantly, for high efficiencies we should have high charge carrier density inside organic layer and controlling the loss of energy as heat from the organic layer surface. Hence we adopt some efficiency improvement methods based on the properties and functioning nature of the materials. Below are some of the methods we have reviewed to improve the efficiencies of organic photo voltaic cell based on small molecules. They are as follows: Methods to improve the efficiencies of organic solar cells based on small molecules: For a PVC (Organic Photo Voltaic Cell) based on copper pathetically-CO introducing beatification between buckminsterfullerene and aluminum cathodes gives the improvement of efficiency up to ;4%. Improving stability and lifetime of layered structure. Minimized charge recombination loss in Poops. Minimizing water and oxygen induced degradation of small molecules in Poops. Improving the efficiency of solution processed small molecule Poops using thermal annealing. By combining two vacuum processed heterogeneous to optimize the absorption power of PVC and controlling the construction parameters thereby making them efficient. Using a unstructured sandwich processing. Controlling parameters like band gap and dissipation of energy in the form of heat. By making molecules face to face by maintaining optimum donor acceptor relative positions. By energy harvesting and improved storage methods. Solution processing of small molecules to improve efficiency by 6. %. We will now further proceed into each method of improving efficiency in-detail. As we have noticed from above methods, we have adopted, most of them are having their vital role during processing of an PVC rather than it is being a product. Hence, in an semiconductor industry the manufacturing processes of elements is given prior rarity. For a PVC (Organic Photo Voltaic Cell) based on copper pathetical ly-CO gives the improvement of efficiency up to ;4% Most efforts are being made from past few decades to improve the efficiency of Poops. One among them is by inserting beatification(BCC) between fulfiller and aluminum cathode, organic thin film POP cells based on Chauncey-CO is observed to have an increased efficiency up to greater than 4%. Reason behind the insertion of this BCC layer is to minimize the exited loss during incident light and electric field. As the BCC inserted, obviously lays a very important roles in these cells by blocking the exited transport and hence named as Exited Blocking Layer. Once the exited transport is blocked, increases the charge carrier density inside the organic layer and minimizes the losses related to them and finally increasing the efficiency grater than 4%. Before the insertion of this BCC layer, the efficiency is around 1-1. 5%. Hence it is considered to be a good move in increasing the efficiency. But, a new problem has arises because of BCC insertion. The Poops lifetime was decreased; now the lifetime is about only few hours. This ay be probably due to the instability of inserted BCC layer, as it is easily crystallized in moist environment. BCC was already used for improving the electroluminescent efficiency in organic Leeds. However their lifetime is also found short because of instability of BCC layer. Hence for improving the stability we dope the BCC with PITCH (3,4,9,10-perpendicularitys-licks-biomedical) Improving stability and lifetime of layered structure. In this section a small molecule PVC with the structure of TIT I Donor electoral I buffer layer I III is studied as a case where we can improve efficiency to some extent. In this experiment the usage of Alas s a buffer layer instead of BCC is seen. Reason for using Alas instead of BCC is to use the effective blockage of waters lozenge to permeate through the acceptor layer. Another role of this new buffer layer is to block the diffusing cathode atoms into active layer during deposition and hence improve the efficiency. Describing the experiment, which is carried at room temperature without encapsulation, starting from deposition to the results in improved efficiency. Three types of buffer layers were used to study the I-V characteristics of the device in both light and dark. The layered structure of the PVC is shown below. As we can see the buffer layer is separating the cathode from CO. The three layers are For device. A with BCC as buffer layer, for device. B with 50% BCC+50% Alas, for device. C with pure Alas as buffer layer. In this experiment the power conversion efficiencies for all the three are measured under the illumination Oriel Solar Simulator producing an AM 1. 56 spectrum. The I-V characteristics are recorded by Keith 2400. The calibrated I-V characteristic is shown below. The experimental results from I-V characteristics ( Voce, Sis, IF) are tabulated below. Device Buffer Layer used Voce (V) Sis (ma/CM) Filling Factor(IF) Efficiency(%) A OHIOÂ ¼BCC. 42 5. 09 0. 49 1. 39 B 0. 49 5. 8 0. 464 1. 75 C 100% AlAlas. 506 6. 03 0. 52 2. 11 The irradiation intensity used is 75mawmCMf A. M 1. 5 simulated solar spectrum. Above values are same for the three devices under investigation. From the tabulated values it is clear that AlAlass most effective than BCBCCnd further experimental results have shown that the lifetime is increased up to 150 time the initial one. Hence by inserting an buffer layer which acts as blocking layer without affecting the life time of evvices also one of the good options of improving the efficiencies. Minimized charge recombination loss in OPPoopsIn this section we discuss about minimizing the recombination losses of CuCupTPatchhotovoltaic cell by employing spin forbidden transition to reduce the recombination loss in OPPoopsWithout the mixing processes like spin-orbit coupling, spin-lattice interaction and hyperfine coupling he spin conversion process between singlet and triplet is not possible. The molecular ground state have a singlet spin symmetry and hence the triplet CT states are forbidden to come and relax into the ground state. We an use this method to reduce the loss of recombination. The open circuit voltage and the fill factor can be improved by minimizing the recombination loss. Once VoVocend Fill factor are improved keeping IsSisonstant the efficiency improvement will take place. Minimizing water and oxygen induced degradation of small molecules in oppoopsThis section aims at complete knowledge of degradation of molecules because of water and oxygen during operation in small molecule based OPPoops Once material degradation takes place, its consequences affect the physical, mechanical and electrical properties of materials, and hence the efficiency of device. The most significant degradation mechanisms for organic solar cells is diffusion of molecular oxygen and water into the device. The organic solar cell we discuss in this section is of the composition ITTITnd A1AYre the two electrodes where ITTITehaves like anode and A1AYs like cathode. In this experiment we have three sets of samples with same coconfigurationThree types of environments are used in dark and light modes. Environments used are nitrogen, oxygen and water. The lifetime or end of lifetime of a solar cell is quoted as T88THr TSTTShich is the time taken by the device to reach 80% or 50% of its ininitialrreferenceWe use these values to record the lifetime of the above species in different environmental conditions. The results are tabulated below: Device name Intensity (W/m2mmTemperature (occoReReelHumidity(%) Atmosphere (1 atATMLife time( T88TH55THN2NOight 330 49 0 N2NO) 405/2700 N2NOark 0 26 0 N2NOlove box) 1802 Light 330 49 0-17AAA3/74 1802 Dark 0 48 0-17AAA H2H2O80 Light 330 39 65 H2H2O80:N2NO. /11 H2H2O80 Dark 048 65 H2H2O80:N2NO As we can see from the tabulated results, the life time is decreasing for water case than in oxygen case. Hence degradation is seen largely in case of water than in xyoxygenFollowing table will provide the knowledge of how the efficiency changes with different types of injection. Water injection showing the effect on Short circuit current, open circuit voltage , fill factor, and efficiency. As we can see from above data that the efficiency after injection is gradually decreasing. From the above data it is clear that the efficiency dropping Just after the oxygen injection is not as bad as water injection. Hence a moist free environment during preparing a layered structure, will play a vital role in improving the efficiencies of cells. Improving the efficiency of solution rorecessedmall molecule OPPoopssing thermal annealing. In this section we discuss about the insertion of (beFontainebleauBTBETunction into a ollighthousesackbones should lead to some interesting features for the photovoltaic applications. In addition, to enhance the light absorption properties by thermal annealing of active layers, and increase the hole mobility by inducing the self-organization of conjugated polymers or small molecules thereby increasing the efficiency of OPPoopsAll experimental conditions were carried under argon atmosphere with the use of standard scschlepsechniques. After being made the cell is having an effective area of 4mmomThe thermal annealing is carried out by directly placing the completed devices directly on a digitally controlled hotplate at various temperatures in a argon filled glove-box. The I-V characteristic curves of the photovoltaic cells are obtained by keKeith400 source measure unit. Results of the experiment with improved efficiencies is tabulated below: As we can see from the above three the normalized absorption region is high in particular range of wavelength. We can clearly see the LULUMPnd HOMO with their respective reduction and oxidation potential values. Following table gives the knowledge of effect of annealing on efficiency for different types of devices under different conditions. Hence annealing a device at appropriate temperature and under appropriate conditions will change the PCPACEfEfficiencyup to a significant extent. By combining two vacuum processed hetero Junctions to optimize the absorption power of OPPVCnd controlling the construction parameters thereby making them efficient. In this part of discussion, we have the concept of combining two vacuum processed single hetero junction organic solar cell with complementary absorption are described. The red bsabsorbingetero Junction consists of C6COnd a fluorinated zinc ptpathologicallyF4IFZnZinc thThateads to 0. 1-0. V open circuit voltage than the commonly used ZnZincFrom the manufacturing point of view, tandem concepts offer an advantage, due to serial connection of sub-cells the efficiency is increased by adding up voltages rather than currents. To increase the efficiency, we have to increase the absorption cross-section of the OPPVCFor absorption at longer wavelengths the fluorinated ptpatheticallyeriv ative (F4IFnZincis used as donor instead of ZnZincAs F4IFnZincs efficient in lowering the ionominationotential from 5. 1 eVveto. 46 eVeveue to the electron withdrawing character of the fluorine atoms. Higher fluorinated ptpathologicallytoms can be used as acceptors in organic solar cells. The absorption features of F4IFnZincn mixed layers with C6COre comparable to ZnZincexhibiting strong ababsorbencyn the red part of the spectrum peaking at 630 nmNMnd extending to above 800 nmNMThis is a good quality which is desired, as it increases the absorption coefficient of organic photovoltaic surface and thus increasing the efficiency. Heating the above mixed layer has the same effect that of common one but leads to an improvement in charge arairierensity. This can be seen through the mismatch of I-V characteristics. Hence here above we found out two more concepts of increasing the efficiencies. Now we further look into the dependence of efficiency on factors like light intensity, angle of illumination and temperature. For a OPPVCith a given efficiency, thickness and incident wavelength the most important factors on which we should concern about are the performance of the device under different illumination intensities for varying illumination angles at typical operating temperatures. 343429000449580Fromig. : The nfinfluencef illumination intensity on the device performance from 0. 5mMomcmCMo 310 mWmmmCMThe illumination is provided by halogen lamp kept at constant temperature of 25ICCheHereJsSCs directly proportional to lint over the complete range of illumination intensities. VoVoces increasing continuously with lint but below logarithmic value. FFIFhows weak maximum at lint?70mawmCMfter which it decreases by approximately 4% up to 31mawmCMThis shows the maximum power point to be mostly sub-line ar and the maximum efficiency approximately at 40mawcmCMFrom fig. : The influence of illumination intensity on the device performance roroom. 5mMomcmCMo 310 mWmmmCMThe illumination is provided by halogen lamp kept at constant temperature of 25ICCheHereJsSCs directly proportional to lint over the complete range of illumination intensities. VoVoces increasing continuously with lint but below logarithmic value. FFIFhows weak maximum at lint?70mawmCMfter which it decreases by approximately 4% up to 31mawmCMThis shows the maximum power cmCMGiven below is the calibrated data showing the dependence of illumination intensity on the device performance:leleptonsing a naunstructuredandwich processing. In this section we will see the structural dependence of OPPVCevice layers on efficiency. Researchers found that the efficiency of a device is almost tripled when naunstructuredandwich metal and plastic are used. These type of structures can collects and traps the light more effectively than any other. The nanotechnology is used to overcome the challenges that cause solar cells to lose energy. Challenges like light reflecting from the layered surface and inability of the cell to capture the light fully that enters in. But with the help of this NaAnnaaterial sandwich we can answer both the problems. The sandwich, which is generally called as sub-wavelength plplatonicavity. Have extraordinary characteristics of damping reflection and trapping light. Using this technique research studies have show us that only approximately 4% of the light is reflected and as much as 96% of the light is absorbed accounted for the increase in efficiency up to 52%. Above description is only for the direct sunlight(perpendicular light falling normal to the surface). This efficiency is much more for a solar cell surface upon which the light incident is at large angles i.Ie.EonOnloudy days and when cells not facing the light directly/ erreproductivelyBy capturing these light incident at large angles one can boost up the efficiency up to extra 81%, combining a total of 175% increase in efficiency. Thought the physics behind the innovation is complex the device structure is simple. The window layer(top layer) is extremely fine metal mesh and of the size of 30NMhick with each mesh having diameter of 17Mannnd 25NMpart. This mesh layer can even replace the ITTITayer. A picture of such naAnnaesh layer is shown below: The mesh window layer is placed very close to the bottom layer of the sandwich, the same metal film used in conventional solar cells. In between the two metal sheets is a thin strip of sesemiconductoraterial used in solar panels. It can be any type silicon, plastic or gallium arsenide although ChCohoseam used an 85-nanometer- thick plastic. The solar cells features the spacing of the mesh, the thickness of the sandwich, the diameter of the holes are all smaller than the wavelength of the light being collected. This is critical because light behaves in very unusual ways in sub- wavelength structures. ChCohoseam discovered that using these sub-wavelength structures allowed them to create a trap in which light enters, with almost no effleetingand does not leave, and hence efficiency is drastically can be increased. Here we will see some of the common factors like band gap of semiconductor, electric charge recombination and energy dissipation in the form of heat, which are limiting factors for power conversion efficiency of a solar cell. Light with less than the enenergyf band gap cannot be absorbed and cannot generate electricity inside the organic layer. Let say that the light with higher intensity and higher than the band gap is incident and generated the electricity inside the device and lets say that the charges aveaveeen generated. These generated charges if lost because of recombination; the electric current inside the device will decrease: and so the electric power of the cell will decrease. The relation between the maximum conversion efficiency and optical absorption edge are given in the following pipickHere: The red line represents the conventional theoretical limit of single-junction- inorganic cell; blue line represents the theoretical limit of the single-junction-organic solar cell; the black line represents the theoretical limit of the multi-]unction-organic cell. The theoretically calculated photoelectric conversion efficiency for a single junction- organic photovoltaic cell is about 21%. From the above picture we can see that for an appropriate range of optical absorption edge value only the maximum efficiency can be attained. Right side of pipicks the rough sketch of layered structure. Where, two active organic layers separate both the electrodes. By making molecules face to face by maintaining optimum donor acceptor relative positions. In this section we further precede our methods of improving the efficiency in organic solar cells aseasedn small molecules, and their dependence in structure at molecular levels. Researchers have shown that to transfer maximum energy more effectively inside of complex three dimensional OPPoopss to align the donor molecules face-on, rather than relative to acceptor or edge-on to the acceptors. We know that exexitedn energy particle created when light is incident on the material and got absorbed. This efficiency of a cell depends on this exexitedThis exexiteds found at the donor acceptor interface inside the cell. At interface exexitedreates power by itself converting into haharearriers that travel to the electrodes. Meanwhile inside at molecular level the atoms inside the donor acceptor levels itself mixes, cluster or both leading to the variances inside the domain leading to affect the conversion process and thereby affecting the efficiency. It is difficult for an individual to consider all changes at a time. 2525146001249680Buthen we consider the face-on orientation, which allows the favorable interactions for charge transfer and lessen the recombination loss can be thought of when efficiency is considered. The sample picture of face-on orientation eaeatingo favorable charge interactions is seen in the picture beside. OBBouthen we consider the face-on orientation, which allows the favorable interactions for charge transfer and lessen the recombination loss can be thought of when efficiency is considered. The sample picture of face-on orientation leading to favorable charge interactions is seen in the picture beside. By energy harvesting and improved storage methods. Most significant problem now a day to an organic photovoltaic industry facing is loss of energy. Saving, storing the dissipated energy will improve the efficiency more than nyNYther methods we adopted so far. Most of the dissipated energy is in the form of heat. Loss of energy is because of organic materials lack in properties to hold them up. Energy harvesting is a process by which ambient neenergys captured and converted into electricity. These energy harvesting includes ththermostaticphotovoltaic, piezoelectric materials. More the harvesting and storage material is efficient, more the efficiency of the solar cell. Solution processing of small molecules to improve efficiency by 6. 7% In this section we see that the solution processed small molecule organic solar cells an perform up to efficiencies ranging 6-8%. A combination of polymer design, morphology control, structural insight and device engineering lead us this much of efficiency. However solution processed small molecule BHBBCave their efficiencies below the polymeric ones. 33147005715 Normalized ababsorptionsvs.waWavelengthan be seen from adjacent fgfigures a result of solution processing. Normalized ababsorptionsvs.waWavelengthan be seen from adjacent figure as a result of solution processing. The component DIDIDs added to the solution to enhance the efficiency improving properties. We have a range of 0-1% v/v vixing.

Free Essays on How To Encourage Creative Freedom And Discovery In A Class Of Five Year Old

How to Encourage Creative Freedom and Discovery in a Class of Five Year Old For five year old children there drawings are stages of pictures that I can agree upon because five year old children in a whole draws pictures on things they like and feelings they are having. In reading the positive and negative suggestions on creative teaching,† it says that to use are as an integral part of the days activity demonstrates an active and sincere interest in the things being done.† This is a positive suggestion which I feel is true because making art a daily activity in a child’s daily routine of the day the child gets to express there day or get t o create objects or things they feel good about. Another positive statement was made that â€Å"children are only interested in demonstrating the reality of the mind and emotions not the reality of outward appearances.† This is also a another true statement because children in a whole express there feelings through drawings compared to a four year old who draws stick figures but still shows or express his or her feelings of self-confidence. In the positive statement it says â€Å"children need a certain degree of privacy; give them a feeling of independence.† In that statement when I did the work with a child assignment I did it with my nephews and they both didn’t like me hovering over them. They wanted to express there favorite place in there drawings and when they where finished they felt confident to tell me about there place. How would I encourage creative freedom and discovery in a classroom of five year olds? What I would do is encourage my class to draw or paint whatever they wanted. Then after they draw or paint I would ask my class to explain one by one what they drew and why they drew it. For example the work with a child assignment I told my nephew draw there favorite place, but anything they wanted one drew a park and the other paint he want to go pumpkin picking. W... Free Essays on How To Encourage Creative Freedom And Discovery In A Class Of Five Year Old Free Essays on How To Encourage Creative Freedom And Discovery In A Class Of Five Year Old How to Encourage Creative Freedom and Discovery in a Class of Five Year Old For five year old children there drawings are stages of pictures that I can agree upon because five year old children in a whole draws pictures on things they like and feelings they are having. In reading the positive and negative suggestions on creative teaching,† it says that to use are as an integral part of the days activity demonstrates an active and sincere interest in the things being done.† This is a positive suggestion which I feel is true because making art a daily activity in a child’s daily routine of the day the child gets to express there day or get t o create objects or things they feel good about. Another positive statement was made that â€Å"children are only interested in demonstrating the reality of the mind and emotions not the reality of outward appearances.† This is also a another true statement because children in a whole express there feelings through drawings compared to a four year old who draws stick figures but still shows or express his or her feelings of self-confidence. In the positive statement it says â€Å"children need a certain degree of privacy; give them a feeling of independence.† In that statement when I did the work with a child assignment I did it with my nephews and they both didn’t like me hovering over them. They wanted to express there favorite place in there drawings and when they where finished they felt confident to tell me about there place. How would I encourage creative freedom and discovery in a classroom of five year olds? What I would do is encourage my class to draw or paint whatever they wanted. Then after they draw or paint I would ask my class to explain one by one what they drew and why they drew it. For example the work with a child assignment I told my nephew draw there favorite place, but anything they wanted one drew a park and the other paint he want to go pumpkin picking. W...

Letter for Master Degree Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Letter for Master Degree - Essay Example Accordingly, I have already completed my B.A. course in criminal justice administration from the Columbia College of Missouri (December, 2006) securing 2.2 GPA, missing cum laude by 0.2. After graduation, I chose the option of military service in the US Navy, as it would expose me to the world outside, and expand my horizons significantly and appreciating the compulsions of a great power as the USA, while dealing with the outside world. It is affording me the opportunity to pit myself against the best and compete hard successfully. After retiring from this service, I intend to pursue my long term career ambition in the legal profession. With my service background and personal philosophy of service to the society, I intend to pursue a career in the US Secret Service agencies. I kept myself abreast of the developments in the legal profession, even during my military service, by accessing current literature on the subject through magazines and the Internet. I am also pursuing the Masters Course from the American Military University through distance learning and earned two credits so far, which I intend to transfer to my program with your university. Before deciding to join the graduate program in the Columbia College of Missouri, I have done a bit of Internet based research on the program in order to concretize my understanding of the course and to satisfy myself that I am indeed in need of that qualification. I was convinced that a formal and structured training in criminal legal administration, under the tutelage of experts should help me immensely. I have decided then itself to go in for Masters program, as soon as I can. I am aware of the details of the program in Columbia College of Missouri, its emphasis on extensive self-study of the relevant literature for each topic / subject, case study approach, developing one’s presentation skills, usage of libraries / online resources, and interaction with faculty. I am fully committed

Cost, Budgets and Strategic Decision Making in Management Accounting Assignment

Cost, Budgets and Strategic Decision Making in Management Accounting - Assignment Example The projected next period’s revenues are normally grounded on the prior accounting periods’ actual revenue trends. Second, the production facility budget is prepared. The production budget is grounded on the projected next accounting period’s revenues. If the next accounting period’s expected revenues is 50 cars and the last month’s unsold cars is 15 cars, then the production budget will be to produce only the remaining 35 cars [50 cars revenue – 15 unsold cars from the prior accounting period = 35 cars] (Warren, 2015). Third, the direct materials budget and labor budget are prepared (Warren, 2015). The direct materials are used as part of the finished product. If each car needs 2 cans of paint and there are 17 cans of paint remaining from the prior accounting period, the company must purchase 53 paint cans ([35 cars x 2 cans per car] – 17 cans from prior accounting period = 53 new can purchases). If one can costs  £ 5, then the budget for the next accounting period includes  £ 265 (53 cans of paint x  £5 per can). The labor costs must be included in the budget (Warren, 2015). The labor cost is the salary of the workers directly making the products, the car painters. Furthermore, the factory overhead budget is computed (Kinney, 2012). The factory overhead is composed of all other costs that do not fall under direct materials or direct labor classification. This includes the indirect materials figures and indirect labor amounts. The other amounts include the factory Janitors’ salaries, electricity payments, water payments, and telephone amounts. Next, the selling and administration expense budget is prepared (Bromwich, 2009). The selling expense budget includes the amounts allocated to sell the finished products, including the cars. The selling expense budget includes the sales department’s salaries and commissions, advertising, and other sales department expenses. The

Microorganism Responsible for the Disease of Jake Essay

Microorganism Responsible for the Disease of Jake - Essay Example He also observed that C. tetani can be grown only in the absence of oxygen. He could also ascertain that bacteria do not spread to other organs and tissues rather remain at the place where they are injected into the body. C. tetani release two toxins namely tetanospasmin and tetanolysin. The role of tetanolysin is not very clear; however, it has been found that the toxin called tetanospasmin is the main culprit behind the disease. (Guilfoile 2008) In 1890, Danish scientist, Knud Faber, was successful in isolating tetanus toxin from C. tetani and noticed that toxins developed similar disease symptoms as found to be caused by infection with C. tetani. (Guilfoile 2008) Symptoms and Identification of Disease As per the case details, the blood test report from the lab mentions about the gram-positive rods in Jake's blood. Moreover, stiffness in the abdominal muscles and difficulty in swallowing are the two major symptoms that have surfaced. Jake reported that he was hurt and scratched his leg on scrap metal a week ago while skateboarding. The average period of incubation for tetanus spores is usually found to be 8 days though it could vary from 3 days to 3 weeks. Jake got a wound only a week back when he hurt his leg at the construction site and this incident is a potential cause for him getting infected with tetanus that is how most of the tetanus patients usually get infected. His eating at the local Mexican restaurant does not seem to be a cause for the current symptoms because none of his family members got affected or had any complaint so far of any kind. Jake is a healthy young man with no previous history of muscle stiffness or any nerve disease. Rabies too has somewhat similar symptoms such as difficulty in swallowing but it is ruled out because it is caused by a virus and blood report clearly shows the presence of Gram-positive rods. Bacterial Meningitis is also ruled out because it is a disease caused by Gram-negative bacteria. It is quite likely that Jack was infected with C. tetani bacterial spores when he hurt his leg with scrap metal. Spores got activated and developed into gram-positive bacteria. (Gram-Positive Bacteria 2011), The bacteria produce a powerful toxin called tetanospasmin that affects muscles. These spores are found in soil, faces, dust widely in the environment. Puncture wounds provide spores an easy entry into the human body. That is what seems to have happened in the case of Jake. Tetanus is not transmitted from person to person but acquired from the environment and Jake’s current history suggests so. Epidemiology and Risk Factors Tetanus is found to inflict people worldwide but damp and hot climates offer a fertile ground for the C. tetani to flourish. Its spores are widely found in the faces of animals such as dogs, rats, sheep and other cattle. Usually, spores get entry into the body through wounds and puncture. Widespread immunization in the U.S has made this disease a rarity with 50 or less numb of ca ses every year. Drug addicts are at high risk for tetanus. Source: http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/surv-manual/chpt16-tetanus.pdf Between the period 2001 and 2008, out of the 233 cases of tetanus patients only 26 deaths were reported in the U.S including one case of neonatal death.

Cushings Syndrome: Causes and Symptoms

Cushings Syndrome: Causes and Symptoms The human body is an advance piece of machinery which possesses many organs and systems that regulate the numerous processes that keeps every part functioning to sustain normal life or Homeostasis. In the event that any of these numerous processes occur unchecked with absolutely no controlling limits it results in a physiological disorder, syndrome or disease; each of these syndromes have characteristic effects on the human anatomy which can be manifested physically of which some can be controlled or cured. Cushings syndrome, which is a hormonal disorder caused by the prolonged exposure of body tissues to high levels of the hormone cortisol and is frequently referred to as hypercortisolism. Cushings syndrome is relatively rare and most commonly affects adults aged 20 to 50 years, people who are obese and have type 2 diabetes, along with poorly controlled blood glucose also called blood sugar-and high blood pressure, have an increased risk of developing the disorder. Cortisol is a very important hormone as job is to help the body respond to stress. Most people suffering from depression, alcoholism, malnutrition, or panic disorders also have increased cortisol levels. Causes Physiological The cause of Cushings syndrome is divided into two groups base upon whether the problem is being caused by a defective pituitary gland, which is a small gland located on the ventral side of the brain or by the adrenal glands which are located on the superior lopes of the kidneys. Cushings syndrome is caused when the bodys tissue are exposed high volumes of the hormone cortisol for extremely long durations of time. Many individuals have developed Cushings syndrome as a result of use or consumption of products that contain glucocorticoids. Glucocorticoids are steroid hormones that are structurally similar naturally produced to cortisol e.g. prednisone, which is contained in most asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, lupus and other inflammatory disease medications. Glucocorticoids also have properties which also allow them to be used to suppress the immune system after organ or tissue transplants to keep the body from rejecting the new organ or tissue. Some people develop Cushings syndrome as a result of their bodies inability to produce adequate amounts of the hormone cortisol. The normally production of cortisol follows an exact and precise chain of events. In the hypothalamus, a part of the brain the size of a small sugar cube, it releases corticotrophin releasing hormone (CRH) to the pituitary gland. Corticotrophin causes the pituitary gland to secrete adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH), which in returns stimulates the adrenal glands. When the adrenals, which are located just above the superior lobes of the kidneys, receive the ACTH, they respond by releasing cortisol into the bloodstream. Cortisol is very important to the body because it is required to perform vital tasks in the body which include helping to maintain blood pressure and cardiovascular function, reduction of the immune systems inflammatory response, the balancing of the effects of insulin, which breaks down glucose for energy and the regulation of the metabolism of proteins, carbohydrates and fats. Cortisol is very important to the for its role in many processes but its most important role is to help the body cope with stress and it is for this reason well trained athletes and pregnant women have high levels of the hormone circulating within their blood. In most cases individuals suffering from alcoholism, malnutrition and or panic disorders may also have increased cortisol levels. Under normal circumstances, when the cortisol levels are near normal levels the hypothalamus and pituitary release less CRH and ACTH. This ensures that the level of cortisol in the blood released by the adrenals is the exact balance to meet the bodys normal requirements. There are four common types of Cushings syndrome and each is caused by different factors e.g. pituitary adenomas, adrenal tumors, ectopic ACTH syndrome and Familial Cushings syndrome. Of the four different types of cushings syndrome, cases of familial cushings syndrome occurs more frequently. Most cases of familial cushings syndrome are not are not inherited genetically, however some cases are the result of gene which causes the development of tumors on one or more glands of the endocrine system which releases hormones into the bloodstream. There are some exceptions e.g. with primary pigmented micronodular adrenal disease, which is developed in children or young adults which develop small cortisol producing tumors on the adrenal glands. There are occurrences where multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN), where hormone secreting tumors develop on the parathyroid glands, pancreas and pituitary. In cushings syndrome caused by adrenal tumors, an abnormality of the adrenal glands causes the cushings syndrome. The adrenal tumor develops four to five times more in females than in males and begins at approximately at age forty. Most cases of adrenal tumors involve noncancerous tissues of the adrenal glands and are called adrenal adenomas and are responsible for the release of additional cortisol into the blood. In the case of adrenocortical carcinomas, the cancerous form of adrenal tumors, the cancer cells release additional volumes of several types of adrenal androgens or male hormones which may include cortisol. The adrenocortical carcinomas are usually responsible for very high hormone levels and rapid development of symptoms. In Ectopic ACTH syndrome which is another cause of cushings syndrome, in some cases it is benign and in most caused by cancerous tumors that develop on the external surface of the pituitary and is capable of producing adrenocorticotropic hormone. Lung tumors are known to be associated with increased risks of development of ectopic ACTH as it was present in more than half of all occurrences and is known to be more prevalent males than in females. The most prolific form of adrenocorticotropic hormone producing tumors is minute cell lung cancer and accounts for approximately thirteen percent of all lung cancer cases and carcinoid tumors, which are small, slow growing tumors that develop from hormone producing cells in various parts of the body. There are other less common types of tumors which possess the ability to produce adrenocorticotropic hormone e.g. thymomas, medullary carcinomas of the thyroid and pancreatic islet cell tumors. In most cases of Cushings syndrome seventy percent are caused by the development of pituitary adenomas and these statistics excluded instances where it is caused by glucocorticoid use. This type of benign, or noncancerous tumor of the pituitary gland is responsible for the secretion of additional adrenocorticotropic hormone into the bloodstream. In most instances persons afflicted by this disorder have a single adenoma and is referred to as Cushings disease and it is known to affect women five more than men. Biochemical Diagnosis of Cushings syndrome To diagnose Cushings syndrome several factors are taken into consideration; a person medical history, physical examinations and laboratory test. In diagnosing cushings syndrome the most commonly used test are the 24-hour urinary free cortisol test, measurement of midnight plasma cortisol or late night salivary cortisol and low dose dexamethasone suppression test. In some instances an additional test dexamethasone corticotrophin releasing hormone test may be needed to differentiate Cushings syndrome from causes of excess. The 24 hour urinary cortisol level test consists of the collection of several urine samples over a 24 hour period and these samples are tested for cortisol. If the cortisol levels are higher than fifty to one hundred micrograms a day for an adult, this suggests that the individual has Cushings syndrome. From laboratory to laboratory the normal upper limit varies depending on which technique is used. The second test that may be used to diagnose Cushings syndrome is Midnight plasma cortisol and late-night salivary cortisol measurements. This test measures cortisol concentrations in the blood. In normal individuals Cortisol production is normally restricted at night, but in Cushings syndrome, this restriction does not occur. If cortisol level in the individual is more than 50 nano-moles per liter (nmol/L), then the individual may have Cushings syndrome. This test usually requires a 48-hour hospital stay to avoid falsely elevated cortisol levels due to stress. Another utilized I the diagnosis of Cushings is the Low-dose dexamethasone suppression test (LDDST). In this test, the individual is given a low dose of dexamethasone, which is a synthetic glucocorticoid, orally every 6 hours for 2 days. Urine samples are collected before dexamethasone is administered and several times on each day of the test. The modified Low-dose dexamethasone suppression test uses a onetime overnight dose. Cortisol and other glucocorticoids signal the pituitary to release less ACTH, so the normal response after taking dexamethasone is a drop in blood and urine cortisol levels. If cortisol levels do not drop, Cushings syndrome is suspected. In some instances Low-dose dexamethasone suppression test may not show a drop in cortisol levels in people with depression, alcoholism, high estrogen levels, acute illness, or stress, which will falsely indicate Cushings syndrome. In some instances, drugs such as phenytoin and phenobarbital may cause cortisol levels to drop, fal sely indicating that Cushings is not present in people who actually have the syndrome and it is for this reason, physicians usually advise their patients to stop taking these drugs at least 1 week before the test. The last test used to diagnose Cushings syndrome is the Dexamethasone-corticotrophin-releasing hormone (Crh) test. There are some exclusion to the rule as some individuals have high cortisol levels but do not develop the progressive effects of Cushings syndrome, such as muscle weakness, fractures, and thinning of the skin. These people may have pseudo-Cushings syndrome, which is a condition sometimes found in people who have depression or anxiety disorders, persons who drink alcohol excessively, have poorly controlled diabetes, or are severely obese. Pseudo-Cushings does not have the same long-term effects on health as Cushings syndrome and does not require treatment directed at the endocrine glands. The dexamethasone-CRH test is used to rapidly distinguish pseudo-Cushing from mild cases of Cushings syndrome. This test combines the Low-dose dexamethasone suppression test and a CRH stimulation test. In the CRH stimulation test, an injection of CRH causes the pituitary gland to secrete ACTH. Pretreatment with dexamethasone prevents CRH from causing an increase in cortisol in people with pseudo-Cushing. Elevations of cortisol during this test suggest usually Cushings syndrome. Tests to Find the Cause of Cushings Syndrome Once a positive diagnosis of Cushings syndrome has been obtained, other tests are performed to locate the cause of the abnormality that leads to excess cortisol production. The choice of test depends, in part, on the preference of the endocrinologist or the center where the test is performed. A CRH test is performed, without pretreatment with dexamethasone, this helps separate people with pituitary adenomas from those with ectopic ACTH syndrome or adrenal tumors. As a result of the CRH injection, people with pituitary adenomas usually experience a rise in blood levels of ACTH and cortisol because CRH acts directly on the pituitary. This response is rarely seen in people with ectopic ACTH syndrome and practically never in those with adrenal tumors. A high-dose dexamethasone suppression test (hDDST) may also be used as well. The A high-dose dexamethasone suppression test is the same as the LDDST, except it uses higher doses of dexamethasone. This test helps separate persons with excess ACTH due to pituitary adenomas from those with ectopic ACTH-producing tumors. A high dose of dexamethasone suppresses cortisol levels in people with pituitary adenomas but not in those with ectopic ACTH-producing tumors. Another test that may be used is radiological imaging of the endocrine glands. This test utilizes the use of computerized tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to reveal the size and shape of the pituitary and adrenal glands to determine if a tumor is present. Imaging tools are used to locate the tumor after a positive diagnosis of Cushings syndrome. Imaging is not used to make the diagnosis of Cushings syndrome since benign tumors are commonly found in the pituitary and adrenal glands.

Compare & Contrast 3 Essays -- essays research papers

The three essays, "Thank God For The Atom Bomb" by Paul Fussel, "Democracy" by Carl Becker, and "Chief Seattle: Letter to President Pierce, 1855" are three different rhetorical modes of writing that exposits theoretical, personal reasoning on the realities of certain controversial historical topics. The main focus of the essays are in proving a steadfast view of an ambiguous subject through sarcastic criticism of opposing ideas and by applying clever use of irony; the authors’ sentiments vary from imperialistic to anti-imperialistic, and from attesting to detesting a past event."Thank God For The Atom Bomb" is a straightforward imperialistic literature which analyzes cause and effect to justify the use of the Atomic bomb during World War 2. The author continuously criticizes the evil of the Japanese in an attempt to convince the reader why the "Japs" deserved what they got. He sites a Japanese pilot saying, "All Japanese must become soldiers and die for the Emperor" to prove his point that the general mentality of the enemy was just that –"implacable, treacherous, barbaric"(p460), and savage. He consistently acknowledges his up-close experience with the war to inform the reader that he has sufficient basis for his analysis. But to reinforce his authenticity that his view is not just possessed by himself, he borrows many statements and examples used by others who share his ideas. The U.S. war committee already drew out plans for a full-scale coastal assault and that was about to take action anytime; if the bomb was not to be dropped, an armed invasion on the mainland would call for a hellish massacre of unpredictable proportions on both the American and Japanese side. He noted a British observer saying "But for the atomic bombs, ... they would have annihilated the lot of us"(p457). Just preventing an anticipated one million American casualties was sufficient cause for the Nagasaki bomb that "led to peace"(p459).The effect of the bomb should be obvious that "the killing was all going to be over, and peace was actually going to be the state of things"(p462). Though not a very compassionate statement, it is true to the fact that the war was over and the killing has come to an end; the reason being that the Japanese has already been killed. "We were going... ...an’s dreams are hidden from us"(p409) concludes the sarcasm in referring to the white man’s destructive motives as his endeavorous dream, something obscured from his inferior red counterpart.These three pieces of literature are exclusively fanatical essays preaching the oblivious existence of ethical errors in people and in the general society through different expository styles. All three rationalizes on ego superiority, the foundation of imperialism. Yet their philosophies are not exactly conforming with one another. It can be derived from "Democracy" that the author dislikes people for labeling any fascist government as democratic - thus a superior state - to justify for unrelated wars or revolutions (i.e. the Nazi imperialism); while "Thank God For The Atom Bomb" attests American righteous-superiority during the Pacific Wars and criticizes people who thinks his ideas imperialistic. Chief Seattle who detested against imperialism, can no d oubt be seen as also possessing self superiority for it can be judged that he believes the red man to be superior, at least from a moral point of view. Therefore concludes the similarities and differences of the essays.

Extracurricular Activities in a Student’s Life Essay

Extracurricular activities can empower students to make their own decisions and help them gain vital experience and skills to lead them on the path to their future. The Facts According to the Montana State University Extension Service, students involved in extracurricular activities are more likely to become leaders, more willing to complete tasks, more willing to voice opinions, and more likely to graduate from high school and have annual incomes of more than $50,000. Extracurricular activities are also a good way to explore social, political, and career interests. Gain Experience through Extracurricular Activities Extracurricular activities help students gain experience in a variety of areas that will enhance their future. Through participation in sports, students learn cooperation, teamwork and time management. By serving as an officer in an organization, students learn responsibility, problem solving and communication. Extracurricular activities can also help students discover hidden talents, meet people they might otherwise not encounter, and learn about things outside their own environment. How to Choose an Activity But which activities should a student choose? Should they choose activities that use talents they already possess and meet people with similar talents, or should they choose something new and different and meet people who possess different opinions and skills? Some students are comfortable with growth while others will feel more comfortable with familiarity. If a student enjoys outdoor activities, he or she may want to look into archery clubs, horseback riding or other sports. If a student enjoys reading he or she may also enjoy literary clubs, writing clubs or journalism activities. Extracurricular activities are also a good way to learn appreciation for new and different activities. A student who would ordinarily choose football or baseball might think about exposing themselves to archery or bird watching. Choosing something outside a student’s comfort zone widens horizons and expands knowledge. Being open to new avenues by joining the newspaper staff, the computer club or the decorative painter’s club will expose students to new people and new ideas. What Activities Are Available? Activities can be found by checking with school counselors, reading the club section of the local newspaper, calling the Chamber of Commerce, asking other students what activities they are involved in and checking with area churches. Information on volunteer activities can often be obtained from community service organizations or teachers. Teachers can be a wealth of information concerning work-study programs, internships and summer jobs; all of which help students build their resume and gain valuable experience in their career field. If a student has already chosen a career path, extracurricular activities can help pave the way. If he or she is interested in teaching science, being an officer in the science club or entering the local science fair can show commitment. Community service at a nearby pharmacy or volunteering at a lab at a nearby hospital or plant can also give experience in the chosen field and can be included on a resume. Ask Questions It’s important to inquire about the organization. Is there a cost involved? Will participants be asked to raise money? How often does the organization meet? Are evenings and weekends involved? Are outside activities required? How many hours will the organization’s activities entail? Checking school and work schedules should also be done before joining any organization. Extracurricular activities are important, but they shouldn’t take up all of a student’s time outside the school day. There should still be time for homework, chores, relaxing, and spending time with friends and family. A combination of all these are an important part of a healthy lifestyle. Extracurricular activities should complement a student’s life, not complicate it. When students are involved in too many activities or in an activity that takes up too much time, students will become stressed and grades and family relationships begin to suffer. Students should be careful not to overextend themselves by taking on too many activities or volunteering for too many jobs or committees in an organization. Serving as an Officer of an Organization Serving as an officer of an organization can also teach a variety of skills. Leadership and management responsibilities can be gained through serving as President. Recorders or Secretaries gain experience in writing and journalism. Treasurers gain bookkeeping and money handling experience. Each office holds valuable skills that can be used in the future. Many students who ran for Student Body President of their school have gone on to become Chief Executive Officer of an organization or President of their own company. Running for office also gives students experience in campaign management, advertisement and people skills. Some students may choose to get to know an organization better before becoming an officer. They will still have opportunities to serve on committees or volunteer for projects throughout the year. Teamwork, communication and organization skills are all gained by serving on a committee or working on a club project. Commitment Learning to stick with an activity from start to finish is another important lesson of extracurricular activities. Once a commitment to a club, activity or committee is made, students should hang in there even if the activity isn’t quite what they expected. By learning to see activities through to the end, students learn valuable lessons they will use later in life. They will be less likely to drop out of school, less likely to quit a job and less likely to walk away from a relationship prematurely. Gain Vital Experience and Skills for the Future Experience gained from extracurricular activities will follow students throughout their lives. It is surprising to note that when the top two candidates in the running for a job are closely matched, something like â€Å"Eagle Scout† listed on their resume can help decide the tie. Prestigious honors like National Honor Society, English Honor Society or Gamma Beta Phi are noticed by potential employers. They look for competent workers that are go-getters and are willing to get involved and go the extra mile. Even something like Scouting or 4-H tells employers about the person behind the resume. Taking the time to get involved in extracurricular activities will benefit students in a variety of ways. Time away from the school day through participation in extracurricular activities can also serve as an outlet for stress and a way to build confidence and self-esteem. Students need encouragement to pursue their dreams. Not only will it empower them to make their own decisions, they will also be given a chance to gain vital experience and skills that will lead them on the path to their future.

Free Essays on Heroism In Beowulf And Sir Gawain

â€Å"Disposable Heroes† Throughout time our concept of heroes has changed dramatically. Even in the recent past heroes have gone from comic book characters such as spider man or superman, to the men and women who risked their lives on September 11th. In comparison, it is also clear how the concept of heroes changed from the time of Beowulf, possibly written as early as 1100 AD, to Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, composed around 1400 AD. Though both considered heroes, Beowulf and Sir Gawain are drastically different characters in personality, ability, and perspective. The similarities are few; each performs deeds for which they gain fame and honor, and each is seen, in their own respects, as a model of virtue. It is evident through their many differences how the concept of heroism changes from the time of Beowulf to Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. Beowulf is a hero who is very sure of his abilities. This is clear when Beowulf is about to battle Grendel because he says, When it comes to fighting, I count myself as dangerous any day as Grendel. So it wont be a cutting edge I’ll wield to mow him down, easily as I might. He has no idea of the arts of war, of shield or sword-play, although he does posses a wild strength. No weapons, therefore, for either this night: unarmed he shall face me if face me he dares. (46) It is obvious here that Beowulf is confident in his ability to fight as well as his strength. Many great men have tried to defeat Grendel and have failed for many years until Beowulf fights him. Even though he knows how dangerous Grendel is, he still wishes to make the battle a fair fight, so he decides to battle unarmed like Grendel. When he decides to make the fight fair by battling unarmed, Beowulf also shows his bravery. Beowulf’s bravery could not be matched by any other at his time, for he was willing to fight even when he knew it would cost him his own life. When fighting the fire-breathing dragon, the dragon ... Free Essays on Heroism In Beowulf And Sir Gawain Free Essays on Heroism In Beowulf And Sir Gawain â€Å"Disposable Heroes† Throughout time our concept of heroes has changed dramatically. Even in the recent past heroes have gone from comic book characters such as spider man or superman, to the men and women who risked their lives on September 11th. In comparison, it is also clear how the concept of heroes changed from the time of Beowulf, possibly written as early as 1100 AD, to Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, composed around 1400 AD. Though both considered heroes, Beowulf and Sir Gawain are drastically different characters in personality, ability, and perspective. The similarities are few; each performs deeds for which they gain fame and honor, and each is seen, in their own respects, as a model of virtue. It is evident through their many differences how the concept of heroism changes from the time of Beowulf to Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. Beowulf is a hero who is very sure of his abilities. This is clear when Beowulf is about to battle Grendel because he says, When it comes to fighting, I count myself as dangerous any day as Grendel. So it wont be a cutting edge I’ll wield to mow him down, easily as I might. He has no idea of the arts of war, of shield or sword-play, although he does posses a wild strength. No weapons, therefore, for either this night: unarmed he shall face me if face me he dares. (46) It is obvious here that Beowulf is confident in his ability to fight as well as his strength. Many great men have tried to defeat Grendel and have failed for many years until Beowulf fights him. Even though he knows how dangerous Grendel is, he still wishes to make the battle a fair fight, so he decides to battle unarmed like Grendel. When he decides to make the fight fair by battling unarmed, Beowulf also shows his bravery. Beowulf’s bravery could not be matched by any other at his time, for he was willing to fight even when he knew it would cost him his own life. When fighting the fire-breathing dragon, the dragon ...

The Growing Importance of Monetary Policy in Government

The Growing Importance of Monetary Policy in Government Monetary policy is important in decisions the United States government makes about economic practices and regulations, but equally important are the fiscal policies, which government spending and tax reform are geared toward in stimulating the economy. To understand the importance of monetary policy in the equation, one must first understand what the term means. The Economic Times defines monetary policy as the macroeconomic  policy  laid down by the central bank, which manages interest rates, money supply, and functions as the demand side of economic policy to affect inflation, consumption, growth, and liquidity. There is, however, a limit to the amount monetary policy can affect the economy because it hinges upon interest rates and monetary circulation. Once the interest rate hits zero, theres not much more the Federal Reserve can do in terms of monetary policy to help the economy. Fighting Inflation Versus Fighting Unemployment The  U.S. Department of State  argues that one of the key reasons that monetary policy is favorable during financially successful periods of the American economy is that it affects inflation rates positively but is relatively useless in fighting unemployment.   This is because theres a limit to the amount of monetary manipulation the Federal Reserve can do to the global value, or exchange rate, if the U.S. dollar plummets. Monetary policy primarily affects interest rates through control of the amount of currency in circulation (and other factors), so when the interest rate bottoms out at zero percent, theres nothing else a bank can do. If you take a look back at the Great Depression, over 3,000 banks failed during the 1930s- monetary policy meant very little when the value of the dollar had sunk to its lowest rate in history. Instead, fiscal policy and a series of unpopular yet successful economic policies helped America get back on its feet. Fiscal policy opened up new jobs and increased government spending to right the wrong of the market crash. Basically, the United States- or any governing body- can, in times of need, enact aggressive fiscal policy to combat market stagnation. How Monetary Policy Applies Now Because the United States economy has experienced its highest point in the last decade (the 2010s), monetary policy that cuts taxes and increased government spending in business and job-creation markets, especially under former President Barack Obama, has led to a decrease in the unemployment rate and a rapid increase in the United States GDP. Fiscal and monetary policies go hand in hand in the  federal legislature, where annual budgets dictate government spending in certain economy-stimulating areas as well as the creation of jobs through social welfare initiatives. The Federal Reserve annually dictates interest rates, liquidity, and currency circulation, which in turn also stimulate the market. In truth, without either fiscal or monetary policy in United States federal- and indeed local and state- government, the delicate balance of our economy might slip back into another Great Depression. Regulations, therefore, are important to maintaining a status quo across all states wherein each citizen is guaranteed their rights to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.

Essay based on one care management decision the student has made in

Based on one care management decision the student has made in practice this semeester - Essay Example ing data for an analysis of the causes and consequences of the problem, exploring alternative solutions, selecting the appropriate solution, implementing the solution and evaluating the results (Judd, 2005). Patient had been admitted with the complaint of retention of urine and overnight did not pass urine leading to abdominal discomfort and pain. Providing quality care is vital not only to the patient, but to the nursing professional as well (Hakesley-Brown & Malone, 2007). Hence addressing the problem of urine retention to relieve the abdominal discomfort and pain became relevant. Assessment of condition of the patient helps in identifying the problem faced. The next step is identifying those problems that have nursing solution and the order in which the solutions need to be applied. There are some problems that can be provided with an immediate nursing solution and some that require the knowledge and skills of other professionals in the healthcare delivery system (Faulkner, A. 1996). Urine retention could be chronic or acute. In chronic urine retention the ability to pass urine in small quantities remains and the build up of urine in the bladder is slow, with pain a less frequent possibility. In the case of acute urine retention there is no urine passed and is normally accompanied with pain (Kurasawa, Kotani, Kurasawa, Takama & Orimo, 2005). This suggests that the patient has a problem of acute retention of urine (AUR). Acute retention of urine (AUR) is a common urological emergency, which is characterized by a sudden inability to pass urine associated with lower abdominal pain. There are several causes for AUR, as anything that blocks the flow of urine through the urethra can lead to AUR. Such blocks could occur as a result of the presence of stones in the bladder. Infection of the urinary tract is also a possible cause of urine retention. Nerve damage as a result of conditions like diabetes or multiple sclerosis can affect control over the bladder and

The Importance of Teamwork in a Close Protection Environment Essay

The Importance of Teamwork in a Close Protection Environment - Essay Example As the discussion declares teamwork projects feature clearly determined and individually evaluated responsibilities for each member of a team as well as a specific and valuable result. Team members are appreciated at the quality of the product and their contributions to the team joint operation as well as the quality of the completion of their personally assigned tasks. Groups are specifically good at combining together talents and providing novel solutions to possible unusual problems; in cases where there is no established approach or procedure, the extended knowledge and skills set of the group possess a distinct advantage over those of the individual. The group constitutes an environment where the individual's self-apprehended level of authority and responsibility is expanded, in an environment where responsibility is shared: consequently providing a perfect motivation through improved self-esteem and low stress. This paper stresses that everybody is polite and dull and considers how he can get into the plan. Conflicts are seldom directly voiced; they are predominantly personal and certainly destructive. Since the group is new, the individuals will be locked in their own opinions and commonly reserved. This is particularly true in terms of the more subordinate and/or nervous members of the group who may never recover. The group tends to submit largely to those who appear as leaders. This stage features formation of an atmosphere of acceptance and safety, avoiding debate, and is filled with guidance from the manager or project team leader.

Starbucks Coffee Marketing Plan Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Starbucks Coffee Marketing Plan - Research Paper Example From the discission it it clear that the company aspires to provide an extraordinary service. The company has used several strategies, including increasing the size of its workforce so that it can increase the speed of serving its clientele. Although many view, the focus on the quality of service delivery may ruin the business because the company may end up producing low-quality products. However, this is a shallow analysis of the operations underlying service orientation. This is because, apart from focusing on methods of how to present the service better to the clientele, the concept includes ways of making a satisfactory product. In essence, the service-oriented operations at Starbucks equate the operations and components of a working marketing strategy. The following is Starbucks Coffee marketing plan.As the study stresses the main target market for Starbucks is people of all genders aged between 18-40 years. The fact that Starbucks products are relatively expensive means that mo st of its clientele are people of medium to upper class although the company has tried to bring down its prices. Starbucks Coffee is a brand that is synonymous with higher status social groups. This was the focus of the company for many years. This implies that the company targeted the young people who cared about their image and status. Although this supposition is still present when one utters the name of Starbucks, the company marketing strategy is changing. These are the main target markets for Starbucks Coffee.

A Covenant in Biblical and Legal Terms Essay Example for Free

A Covenant in Biblical and Legal Terms Essay The goal of this particular essay is to explain the various covenants in which the Bible mentions. This paper shall compare the Biblical covenants with the legal covenants. DEFINITION: Before the author of this paper can move forward one must first define what a covenant is. According to http://www.merriram-webster.com/dictionary/convenant it tells us this is merely a written promise/agreement between two or more parties. However, when referring to the Bible it is then personal because it is a promise between mankind and God. However, there is another way of explaining the definition of a covenant according to (http://ehis.ebscohost.com.library.gcu.edu:2048/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=ab6d21cb-c8ea-436e-a5e8-5fcc2808a6c7%40sessionmgr112vid=6hid=23) Covenanting, a keyword in the ecumenical process of mutual commitment for justice, peace and the integrity of creation, is also a keyword in the biblical tradition. So central a place does it occupy that Christians use the titles Old Testament (sc.Covenant) and New Testament (sc. Covenant) as summaries of the contents of the Hebrew Bible and the testimonies of the first Christian community. COVENANTS WITHIN THE BIBLE The bible informs us of the many which appears to be eight. The Bible also shows examples whereas God makes these covenants not only with mankind but also individuals. These A COVENANT IN BIBLICAL AND LEGAL TERMS Covenants are also broken down into two different descriptions one being called a conditional covenant and the other being called an unconditional covenant. TWO DESCIRPTIONS OF COVENANTS: 1. Conditional covenant are the ones in which Gods promises He will always stand with man but man must also do his part and fulfill His laws and command which had already been established. 2. Unconditional covenants are basically showing Gods promises are granted and it does not matter what man will or will not do. The Bible informs us of eight covenants; with the first covenant being called one Endemic covenant also a conditional covenant given unto Adam and Eve by God who had to give them everything they would need in order to survive (Genesis 2:16-17). God did provide them with certain conditions for they had to obey His every command and if they did not then there would be consequences and curses would fall upon them as well as their future generations to come. Because of their downfall the second covenant which had come about is known as the Adamic covenant (Genesis3:16-19) and this one was considered to be an unconditional covenant because of mans fall and what mankinds life will not be like because of sin. The third covenant in the Bible would be another unconditional covenant known as the Noahic Covenant (Genesis 9:1-18). This particular covenant tells us how God still reveals what His purpose is for mankind through Noah. Not only this but also the prophecy of Noahs children in which sh owing the Messiah would come and the symbol/seal of this covenant was a rainbow. The fourth was the Abrahamic Covenant (Genesis chapters 12, 13, 15, 17, 26 28) for this is also an unconditional covenant because of the circumcision being the sign. In this God does have an agreement with? A COVENANT IN BIBLICAL AND LEGAL TERMS Abraham He would keep His Word. By this I mean within the Bible we see how God promised Abraham many blessings, posterity, a great nation as well as land. This covenant was basically to show mankind throughout all generations to come everyone could still have the promised of God but that each individual must obey His Word. The fifth Mosaic Covenant located in the Book of Exodus (19:4-6) is to be considered a conditional covenant. For this particular covenant was given into Moses from God so he (Moses) could have or rather established a relationship with the people of Israel and God. This was an essay covenant to follow for all God wants is actually simple to keep the Sabbath holy. The sixth covenant known as the Deuteronomic Covenant (Deuteronomy 30:1-10) is unconditional as well as conditional: unconditional with regards to the fulfillment of Gods command; conditional because throughout every generation someone will use the covenant and obey God. Although Israel is consistently shown or rather mentioned through the Bible it is also a way to show mankind how everyone will eventually see the return of even Israel back to the land (Earth).The seventh covenant known as Davidic Covenant (2 Samuel chapter 7) is a covenant of promise made from God to David everyone is guaranteed an everlasting throne. And the covenant which is the eight covenants is known as New Covenant (Jeremiah 31) and was established because God had promised a new covenant to the descendants of the ones whom He had originally given the Old Law Covenants and this new covenant was for Israel. But in general it also is basically to be set forth with established Laws for the entire universe. A COVENANT IN BIBLICAL AND LEGAL TERMS LEGAL COVENANT LAWS Throughout the Bible all of Gods Laws were legal in my eyes. For although the prophets were given the Biblical Covenants it was then beginning with Adam and Eve that legal covenants had already been established as well. The legal covenant is the basis for all of mankind to be able to repair what damage has been done prior to his or her entry into this world by this I mean one needs to recognize how powerful Satan and his deceptions can become but hold and keep God closer than ever before to their hearts. This will allow everyone to have a place with God and everlasting peace. In the Book of Hebrews it tells of how the laws were set aside (7:18; 10:9) offering everyone hope, and how we start with our Faith.† God has given up His only son for everyones sins in order for all concerned to inherit the eternal kingdom of Heaven. Laws are also transformed in the way we apply them to become a part of our daily walk with God. For God also showed mankind how for every reaction there are consequences one will and must face. In other words if you break the law and Gods law you will be punished. According to http://www.berith.org/pdf/The-Covenantal-Structure-of-the-Bible.pdf God’s covenantal judgment upon Christ at the cross opened the way of salvation so that the human race (not every individual man, but the majority, the world) has been saved from God’s everlasting wrath. Also according to (Catholic Biblical Quarterly; Apr2008, Vol. 70 Issue 2, p223-243, 21p) the long-standing traditional view is that the legal material of the Pentateuch presents the law that was authoritative and in force in ancient Israel and Judah. This material is believed to have contained the rules by which the society and the legal system operate.